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α-amylase is an endonucleoside hydrolase that hydrolyzes the α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds inside polysaccharides, such as starch, to generate oligosaccharides, dextrins, maltotriose, maltose and a small amount of glucose. Due to the importance of α-amylase in food industry, human health monitoring and pharmaceuticals, detection of its activity is widely required in the breeding of α-amylase producing strains, in vitro diagnosis, development of diabetes drugs, and the control of food quality. In recent years, many new α-amylase detection methods have been developed with improved speed and sensitivity. This review summarized recent processes in the development and applications of new α-amylase detection methods. The major principle of these detection methods were introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared to facilitate future development and applications of α-amylase detection methods.
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Humans , alpha-Amylases/chemistry , Polysaccharides , Oligosaccharides , Starch , MaltoseABSTRACT
Background Lipid metabolism in liver shows circadian-dependent profiles. The hepatotoxicity of environmental chemicals is dependent on circadian time. Objective To observe the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure at different zeitgeber time (ZT) on hepatic and blood lipid metabolism and decipher the underlying mechanisms related to circadian rhythm in mice. Methods Thirty-five female C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed every 4 h in a light-dark cycle (12 h/12 h). The liver tissues were collected to describe the circadian profiles of hepatic Rev-erba, Bmal1, Clock, Srebp1c, and Chrebp mRNA expression levels within 24 h. Thirty female mice were divided into 6 groups by the timing (ZT3 represents the 3 h after light on, ZT15 represents the 3 h after light off) and dose (50 or 500 μg·kg−1·d−1) of BPA exposure to observe hepatotoxicity. Mice were gavaged with designed doses of BPA once per day for 4 weeks. Mice were maintained with ad libitum access to food and water and measured body weight weekly. After the experiment, mice were euthanatized and liver tissues were separated to determine the biochemical indicators of lipid metabolism and lipid metabolism- and circadian-related gene mRNA expressions. Results Hepatic Rev-erba, Bmal1, Clock, Srebp1c, and Chrebp mRNA expression levels were rhythmic during a 24 h period in mice. At ZT3 and ZT15, BPA did not alter body weight, plasma glucose, plasma total cholesterol, plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasma triglycerides (P>0.05). The plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the 50 μg·kg−1·d−1 BPA group at ZT3 by 14.56% compared with the control group (P<0.05). The liver triglycerides increased in the 50 μg·kg−1·d−1 BPA group at ZT15 by 115.20% compared with the control group (P<0.05). BPA decreased Srebp1c mRNA expression level when dosing at ZT3 and increased Chrebp, Srebp1c, and Acc1 mRNA expression levels when dosing at ZT15 compared with the control group (P<0.05). BPA increased Bmal1 mRNA expression level and decreased Rev-erbα mRNA expression level at ZT3 exposure and decreased Bmal1 and increased Rev-erbα mRNA expression level at ZT15 exposure (P<0.05). Conclusion BPA exposure at light or dark period has different effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Hepatic lipid deposit appears when BPA is dosed at dark period. Rev-erbα-Bmal1 regulation circuits and the subsequent upregulation of Srebp1c and Chrebp and the target gene Acc1 may be involved.
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Objective:To summarize the experience of surgical methods without repairing the fistula for 92 cases with gastrointestinal intrathoracic fistula.Methods:The surgical methods without repairing the fistula were performed through VATS, small incision assisted with VATS or thoracotomy. The focus of the surgery was to promote lung expansion, eliminate the residual cavity of chest cavity and keep effective drainage. After entering the chest cavity from the affected side, wash chest cavity with a large amount of warm normal saline and sterilize intermittently with iodophor to ensure the sterile environment in the pus cavity. Then completely remove the pleural cellulose or fiberboard on visceral pleura to promote lung expansion, eliminate the residual cavity of the chest cavity. The fistula was covered tightly and supported firmly by the visceral pleura on the lung. Multiple T-tubes were placed in thoracic cavity and fistula to keep effective postoperative drainage.Results:Among 92 cases, 85 cases were cured and the cure rate was 92.4% (85/92).7 cases died and the mortality rate was 7.61% (7/92). The 7 dead cases include 5 cases with esophagogastric anastomotic fistula (the death of 3 cases was cause by aortic esophagogastric fistula, the death of 1 case was cause by thoracic gastric tracheal fistula and 1 case was dead because of pulmonary infection and respiratory failure), 1 case with esophageal rupture (the cause of death was septic shock ), and 1 case with esophageal perforation(the cause of death was pulmonary infection and respiratory failure).Conclusion:Most of the surgeries without repairing gastrointestinal intrathoracic fistula are conducted simply through VATS or small incision assisted with VATS., which is safe and effective.
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Objective:To review the experience of closure of the left-main-bronchial stump fistula using endoscopic liner cutter staplers through the right thoracic approach and I stage or staged treatment for the left pyothorax.Methods:6 patients with the left-main-bronchial stump fistula after left pneumonectomy combined with pyothorax were treated by closing the left-main-bronchial stump using endoscopic liner cutter staplers through the right thoracic approach, and pleura was used to cover the distal and proximal incisional margin of the stump respectively. The thoracic T-tube drainage was used in the I stage or staged treatment for the left pyothorax.Results:All patients were survived without recurrence of the bronchopleural fistula. 4 patients were observed to have no recurrence of pyothorax when 1 patient had recurrence of pyothorax and was treated with intermittent T-tube drainage.1 patient operated with left-thoracic fenestration in the past was treated with drainage waiting for secondary operation.Conclusion:The right thoracic approach seemed to be a safer and more effective method than the transsternal transpericardial approach in cases with the left-main-bronchial stump fistula combined with pyothorax. The use of endoscopic liner cutter staplers reduced the risk of bleeding, infection and recurrence of fistula. The T-tube drainage in the I stage or staged treatment for the left pyothorax was considered to be an easier way for treatment.
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Objective To explore the effects of application of self-made assessment card for spinal nerve motor function in clinical nursing.Methods An assessment card for spinal nerve motor function was designed and produced according to "spinal cord injury grading standards" by American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA).A total of 40 nurses working in orthopedic ward of our hospital were selected as study subjects,and divided into the experimental group and the control group with 20 nurses in each group.Theoretical and practical training regarding spinal nerve motor function was provided to nurses in both groups.Then totally 398 patieuts with spine or spinal cord diseases hospitalized in our orthopedic ward were recruited from June to September 2016 as subjects for assessment.The experimental group used self-made assessment card for spinal nerve motor function as guidance;the control group performed routine assessment for spinal nerve motor function.Results There were no significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in scores of theoretical and practical examinations (P＞0.05);compared with the control group,the error of assessment in the experimental group was reduced by 9.5％,missed assessment rate decreased by 16.2％;and the time for assessnent in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The assessment card for spinal nerve motor function can reduce the error of assessment,save the time for assessment,enhance the capacity of specialist nurses and improve work efficiency.
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Objective To explore the effects of application of standard evaluation process of spinal cord motor function in patients with thoracic or lumbar diseases. Methods Selected 60 patients with thoracic and lumbar disease treated in the orthopedic ward of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from April 2016 to June 2016 as the experimental group. We retrospectively analyzed 60 cases of patients with thoracic or lumbar diseases treated with routine nursing evaluation process admitted between January to March 2016. We compared before and after the standardization evaluation process of spinal cord motor function, the theory and operation achievements of nurses, satisfaction of doctors with nurse specialist ability, mean hospitalization days and average cost of two groups. Results The development and implementation of the standardized evaluation process of spinal motor neurotically function, after the training, the theoretical assessment score of the nurse was (94.70±1.18) points, and the operation assessment score was (93.50±2.34) points; the average length of stay was (6.10±1.98) days. The average cost of hospitalization was (29 088±341) yuan; the overall satisfaction of doctors to nurses increased to 14/15; compared with 42.30±12.95, 46.80±15.31, 7.80±2.37, 37 566±592 of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=4.76-8.31, P=0.00). Conclusion Application of the standard evaluation process for Spinal cord motor function in patients with thoracic or lumbar diseases can standardize nurses' working procedure, making nursing work more comprehensive, timely and professional, and can better guide clinical practice.
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A new approach based on online coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( LC-GC / MS ) was developed for the rapid determination of 4-( methylnitrosamino )-1-( 3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in mainstream cigarette smoke, in which a switching valve was employed to online switching between two-dimensional chromatography. The online LC-GC / MS system used in this study was built by using online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry except that the micro gel column was replaced by micro alkaline alumina column which was prepared by ourselves before. The NNK in mainstream cigarette smoke was collected by a Cambridge filter pad, then the pad was extracted with dichloromethane, and the extract was quantitatively analyzed by online LC-GC / MS with D4-NNK as an internal standard. Online LC-GC / MS allowed online pretreatment purification, and the sample was subjected to online LC-GC / MS without any prior purification, which reduced human error in analysis process. The injection volume of the present online LC-GC / MS could reach 40 μL, which was 20 times of that of the conventional GC / MS (2. 0 μL of injection volume), and thus significantly improved the sensitivity. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity ( r = 0. 9998) was obtained over the range of 1. 2 - 120 ng / mL. The recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 93. 9% to 96. 0% , and the limits of detection for qualitative and quantitative detection were 0. 25 ng / mL and 0. 9 ng / mL, respectively. All the results obtained by the present method are comparable to those of standard method recommend by China National Tobacco Company.
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Objective To evaluate the application value of the VATS combined with artificial pneumothorax in extended thymectomy. Methods From March 2013 to November 2014, we completed 45 cases of expanded thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis .According to the choice of patients , the surgeries were divided into two groups .The artificial pneumothorax group (24 cases) was given thoracoscopic expanded resection under artificial pneumothorax , while the conventional surgery group (21 cases) was given conventional thoracoscopic surgery .The operation time , intraoperative bleeding , operative field show ( to expose the offside mediastinal fat and cardiophrenic angle fat fully ) and symptom relief were compared between the two groups . Results The operations were successful in all the 45 cases.As compared with the conventional surgery group , the artificial pneumothorax group had shorter operation time [(93.8 ±16.8) min vs.(119.5 ±23.3) min, t=-4.293, P=0.000], less intraoperative hemorrhage [(54.2 ±43.7) ml vs.(92.9 ±41.0) ml, t=-3.048, P=0.004] and better operation exposure [91.7% (22/24) vs.57.1%(12/21),χ2 =7.228, P=0.007].However, there was no significant difference in symptom remission rate between the two groups . Conclusion VATS under artificial pneumothorax for thymus expanded resection can fully expose the operation field , with shorter operation time and less blood loss .
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Objective: To discuss the significance of comprehensive rehabilitation training combined with multimodal analgesia [MMA] for the early knee function recovery of patients with knee bone tumor who underwent prosthesis replacement operation
Methods:Sixty patients with knee bone tumor who underwent prosthesis replacement operation were selected and randomly divided into two groups according to rehabilitation training and postoperative analgesic methods, namely, observation group and control group, 30 cases in each group. The control group was treated with symptomatic treatment [drugs were given based on pain before and after surgery] and continuous passive motion [CPM] functional training, while the observation group was treated with comprehensive rehabilitation training combined with MMA. The compliance of patients in the two groups was compared and the first-time off-bed activity time was recorded. Recovery conditions of wounds were observed, and recovery conditions of limb functions after operations were evaluated
Results:The compliance of patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant [P<0.05]. The first-time off-bed activity time of patients of the observation group was earlier than that of the control group. The wound recovery condition of the observation group 7 days after operation was better compared to that of the control group, and the difference between two groups two weeks after operation was not statistically significant. The Hospital for special surgery knee [HSS] score and evaluation result of range of motion [ROM] of knees of the observation group were both better than those of the control group in different periods after operation, and the differences were statistically significant [P<0.05]
Conclusion:Comprehensive rehabilitation training combined with MMA can improve the compliance of patients and help patients off bed earlier, and remarkably promote the early recovery of knee functions; hence it deserves to be promoted clinically
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Objective Discuss clinical type and treatment of postoperative digestive tract fistula and associate complications of esophageal or cardiac cancer.Methods Analized clinical manifestations and treatment retrospectively of 53 cases of digestive tract fistula after operation of esophageal or cardiac cancer from January,2010 to December,2012.Results All the 10 undergoing surgery are cured by reoperation.2 died of mediastinal infection and sepsis.4 died of respiratory failier,malnutrition,left and right bronchal fistula,respectively.Conclusion There are 4 types of fistula:Ⅰ type of sepsis,Ⅱ type of respiratory failure,Ⅲ type of thoracic infection,Ⅳ type of neck inection.Reoperation within 24 hours is the key of suscessful repairment of intrathoracic anastmotic leakage.Bronchal fistula or respiratory failure caused by multiple thoracic encapsulated effusion is also the indication of surgery.Complete lung reexpansion and complete drainage is the key.Mini-invasive VATS is the method of exact drainage.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)infection in women with and without cervical lesions in Zhejiang province.Methods Cervical exfoliated cell samples were collected in 865 women with cervical lesions and 630 women with normal cytology from Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,Red Cross Hospital of Hangzhou,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Fuyang City,and the Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Zhejiang Medical College of Zhejiang province.The flow-through hybridization technique (HybriMax) was used to detect 21 kinds of HPV genotypes.x2 and exact test were used for the comparison of HPV infection rates and genotype distributions between women with cervical lesions and those with normal cytology.Results The prevalenceof HPV infection in women with cervical lesions (27.28％,236/865) was significantly higher than that in women with normal cytology (10.32％,65/630) (x2 =65.2,P ＜0.01).In cervical lesion group,60 out of 236 HPV-positive patients (25.42％) were infected with multiple HPVs,including 42 patients infected with 2 genotypes of HPV,12 with 3 types of HPV,5 with 4 types of HPV and 1 with 5 types of HPV ; while in HPV-positive women with normal cytology,only 1 case was infected with multiple HPVs,with a rate of 1.54％ (1/65) (x2 =18.0,P ＜ 0.01).Totally 321 strains (covering 19 HPV genotypes) of HPV were obtained in cervical lesion group,including 188 (58.57％) strains of high-risk,114 (35.51％) strains of low-risk,and 19 (5.92％) strains of other types,and the most prevalent high-risk genotypes were HPV-16,HPV-58,HPV-33,HPV-52 and HPV-39.While in normal cytology group,66 strains (covering 16 HPV genotypes) of HPV were obtained,and the most prevalent genotypes were HPV-52,HPV-16,HPV-31,HPV-58 and HPV-ep8304.Conclusion The prevalence of HPV infection in women with cervical lesions is significantly higher than that in women with normal cytology,and the most prevalent genotypes of infection are HPV-16,HPV-58,HPV-33,HPV-52 and HPV-39.
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Objective The purpose of this paper was to use a new biphasic poroelastic tibia model to develop a two-dimensional numerical method for simulating impact responses of human tibia in car-pedestrian accidents. Methods The geometry of tibia model was reconstructed from CT scans of the left tibia of a living human volunteer. A poroelastic approach was utilized to establish the governing equations of the model and the finite element method was applied to solve these governing equations. Both cortical and cancellous components of tibia were represented using a poroelastic material model consisting of solid phase (matrix) and fluid phase (marrow). A lateral-medial impact direction was selected in the simulation analysis and the impact responses of the pedestrian tibia during 0-200 ms were analyzed. Results The bending deformation of the tibia predicted by the computer simulation was primarily concentrated on the impact zones. The displacement response of Node 107 in the impact zone indicated a peak displacement of -6 mm at around 75 ms, and the significant time delay between the impact force and the displacement response of the skeleton. The axial stress response at the center of element E77 in the impact zone indicated a peak stress of 140 MPa at around 30 ms,and the significant time delay was observed between the impact force and the axial stress response of the skeleton, too. Conclusion This research developed a two-dimensional numerical method for simulating impact responses of human tibia in car-pedestrian accidents. It was able to approximately simulate the bending deformation, lateral displacement response and axial stress response of pedestrian tibia in the impact zones,and the effects of the fluid phase on the solid phase. More in-depth investigation is helpful to further the biofidelity of tibia dynamics model.
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The inherent evolvability of promiscuous enzymes endows them with great potential to be artificially evolved for novel functions. Previously, we succeeded in transforming a promiscuous acylaminoacyl peptidase (apAAP) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1 into a specific carboxylesterase by making a single mutation. In order to fulfill the urgent requirement of thermostable lipolytic enzymes, in this paper we describe how the substrate preference of apAAP can be further changed from p-nitrophenyl caprylate (pNP-C8) to p-nitrophenyl laurate (pNP-C12) by protein and solvent engineering. After one round of directed evolution and subsequent saturation mutagenesis at selected residues in the active site, three variants with enhanced activity towards pNP-C12 were identified. Additionally, a combined mutant W474V/F488G/R526V/T560W was generated, which had the highest catalytic efficiency (k (cat)/K (m)) for pNP-C12, about 71-fold higher than the wild type. Its activity was further increased by solvent engineering, resulting in an activity enhancement of 280-fold compared with the wild type in the presence of 30% DMSO. The structural basis for the improved activity was studied by substrate docking and molecular dynamics simulation. It was revealed that W474V and F488G mutations caused a significant change in the geometry of the active center, which may facilitate binding and subsequent hydrolysis of bulky substrates. In conclusion, the combination of protein and solvent engineering may be an effective approach to improve the activities of promiscuous enzymes and could be used to create naturally rare hyperthermophilic enzymes.
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Aeropyrum , Chemistry , Archaeal Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Binding Sites , Biocatalysis , Caprylates , Metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Chemistry , Escherichia coli , Hot Temperature , Industrial Microbiology , Methods , Kinetics , Laurates , Metabolism , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Methods , Peptide Hydrolases , Genetics , Metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Solvents , Chemistry , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
Objective To find out the accurate resonance frequencies and vibration characteristics of intestine,lung,kidney,stomach,heart and liver of rat and rabbit in low frequency and to provide basic data for the study of organs' resonance injury and reaction.Methods Eight rats and eight rabbits were anaesthetized with 1.5％ sodium pentobarbital and acceleration sensor was fixed to the surface of their bowels.The rats were fastened on their back on the veneer hung horizontally by rubber band.The veneer was hammered upward from the down side,and the biggest value of frequency spectrum was considered the resonance frequency.Rabbits were fastened on their back on vibration platform and 2 mm amplitude vibration was given with the sweeping-frequency from 2 Hz to 50 Hz.The bowels amplitudes on each frequency point were measured.The frequency corresponding to the biggest amplitude was considered the resonance frequency.Results The resonance frequencies of rat intestine,lung,kidney,stomach,heart and liver were respectively 3.8,3.2,6.6,7.0,4,6 and 3.0 Hz within frequency interval of 0 Hz to 20 Hz.The resonance frequencies of rabbit intestine,lung,kidney,stomach,heart and liver were respectively 6.0,5.0,7.0,8.0,6.0 and 7.0 Hz within frequency interval of 2 Hz to 50 Hz.The vibration amplitude of lung was the biggest at the resonance frequency.The resonance frequencies of both rat and rabbit bowels showed no statistical correlations to body weights,bowel mass and bowel volumes.Conclusion Bowel resonance frequencies of rat and that of rabbit are evidently statistical different except for that of kidney.The resonance frequency values of rabbit bowels are closer to that of dog and monkey than to that of rat.Thus the resonance injury characteristic of rabbit bowels can be the research basis for dog,monkey,and even human bowels resonance injury.
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Objective to research the mechanical style(compressive or tensile force)of the key site of brain tissue in brain deceleration impact.Method a transparent physical brain model with air bubbles was built and loaded on an upright brain decaler ation impacting expedmentel platform.Then,the moveable platform was made a free fall from a height of 400mm and impacted on the fixed platform,and the whole deceleration impacting process was recorded by a high-speed video camera.Using the serial pictures analyzing Software,the length change of the long ads(vertical to the impacting direction)and the short axis(in the impacting di-rection)of the air bubbles were analyzed and calculated.Result the length change of the long axis of air bub-ble with in site coup was smallerthan the absolute value of that of the short axis;while with the air bubble in the contrecoup site,the length change of the long axis was bigger than the absolute value of the short axis.Conclusions the results showed that the air bubble in the coup site mainly suffered from the tensile force vertical to the impacting direction and the air bubble in the contrecoup site mainly suffered from the compres-sive force in the impacting direction.Since the propeny of tensile resistance of the brain tissue is inferior to the property of compressive resistance of the brain tissue, the injury is often easier to occur in the contrecoup site than in coup site. The results were of significance to the research of biomechanical mechanism, diagnosis and prevention of the brain deceleration impacting injury.
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Purpose: Set up a new technique to reproduce the cavitation effect in the process of brain deceleration impact Methods: A transparent physical brain model with tiny air bubbles was built and loaded on an upright brain deceleration impacting moveable platform. Then, in the high strength lighting circumstance, the moveable platform was made to free fall from a height of 40cm and impacted on a fixed platform, and the whole deceleration impacting process was recorded by a high-speed video camera. Using the serial pictures analysing software, the volume and mean pressure change of the air bubbles were calculated and the cavitation effect of the brain tissue during the impact was studied. Results: The volume of the air bubble in the contrecoup site increased obviously in the impacting process, the volume of the air bubble in the coup site decreased in the impacting process and the volume change of the air bubble in the middle site was not evident enough in the impacting process. Conclusion: The results proved the negative pressure and the cavitation phenomenon in the contrecoup site. The experiments explicitly and directly showed the cavitation effect in the contrecoup site during the decelerating impact It was helpful to better understand the distribution characters of the dynamic stress of the brain tissue in the brain decelerating impact in a certain extent, and it could also provide some methods and experimental foundation to clarify the mechanical mechanism of the brain contrecoup injury which was often taken place in traffic accidental injury. Besides, the methods were of significance to research the biomechanism, diagnosis and prevention of the brain deceleration impacting injury.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of 3 different therapeutic regimens for chronic urticaria.METHODS: 3 oral therapeutic regimens including regimen A(triprolidinen plus ranitidine),regimen B(levocetirizine),and regimen C(levocetirizine plus antipruritic) were analyzed using cost-effectiveness analysis.RESULTS: The total costs of regimen A,B,and C were 91.96 yuan,54.16 yuan and 356.56 yuan,respectively;The effective rates were 76.09%,74.00% and 91.84%,respectively;The cost-effectiveness ratios were 120.86,73.19 and 388.24,respectively.As compared with regimen B,the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for regimen A and C were 1 808.61 and 1 695.07,respectively.CONCLUSION: Regimen C is the preferable one in terms of the cost-effectiveness.
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Objective To study the mechanism and characteristic of traffic injury of front crash. Methods Thirty rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups according to crash velocity. The initial velocity of GroupⅠ was 30 km/h, group Ⅱ 40 km/h, and group Ⅲ 50 km/h. The rabbits were fixed on the seats in a sitting position and the injury process were started by driving power system with the velocity and acceleration set primarily. The crashing velocity and deceleration were recorded by laser velocity measuring system and high speed camera system. The injury characteristics of rabbits were observed and then the AIS-ISS score was compared. Results During 1 hour after injury, all rabbits survived except one in group Ⅱ and three in group Ⅲ. No organ injury was found in group Ⅰ, but organ injuries in thorax and abdomen were found in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The score of AIS (MAIS) and ISS were (2.30?0.65), (14.50?2.10) in group Ⅱand (4.20?0.70), (36.40?4.58) in group Ⅲ respectively. Conclusion The velocity and deceleration of crash have impact on the injury character of animal, and the main injury organs are the thorax and abdomen in traffic injury of front crash in rabbits.
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9.0 mmol/L, and well controlled group if FPG0.05). However, in each group, the incidence rate of different algesic severity decreased with the increasing algesic severity. Conclusion EIP will occur in DM patients within a week after RCT. Well controlling of the blood glucose can reduce the incidence rate of EIP.
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Objective To study clinical characteristics and CT features of cerebellar hemorrhage in the elderly patients in order to make early diagnosis and treatment. Methods The clinical characteristics, CT scan, sites and causes of hemorrhage, as well as the treatment and the prognosis of 32 elderly patients with cerebellar hemorrhage were analysed. Results The main clinical symptoms were vomiting, vertigo and headache and were observed in 32(100.0%), 26(81.2%) and 18(56.2%) cases, respectively. High motality rate was observed in hemorrhage volume≥25 ml, patients aged over 70 years and accomanied with cerebral hernia and multi-organ failure. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of cerebellar hemorrhage were not typical in the elderly. Cerebral hernia and multiple organ failure were the main causes of death. Hypertension and artherosclerosis were the main etiologies of cerebellar hemorrhage. The early diagnosis is necessary for the treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage. The prognosis was related to the quantity and site of hemorrhage.